By ENOCK NYAMWEYA
When a nation’s pot boils over, we must examine the fire beneath it. The 2025 protests in Kenya were not a spontaneous act of rage. They were the loud cry of a generation silenced too long.
Sparked by years of frustration over corruption, unemployment, economic inequality, and police brutality, the protests largely led by Generation Z were a constitutional expression of the right to assemble and express grievances. However, the government’s reaction turned a peaceful movement into a national tragedy marked by bloodshed, fear, and constitutional betrayal.
What started as peaceful demonstrations quickly escalated into violence after chilling orders were issued by senior government officials: “shoot to kill” and “shoot at the leg.” Such directives directly violated Article 37 of the Constitution, which guarantees every person the right to assemble, demonstrate, picket, and present petitions to public authorities peacefully and unarmed. Instead of safeguarding these rights, the state met protestors with tear gas, bullets, and death.
On June 25, at least 19 lives were lost, and by Saba Saba Day (July 7), the number had tragically risen to 31 deaths, with over 107 injuries.
Human rights groups confirmed at least 38 deaths and more than 500 injuries, including civilians and police, with fatalities across 20 counties. Notable victims such as Boniface Kariuki, shot at close range, are stark reminders of the human cost. The perpetrators [police officers] have walked scot free, even as hundreds of Kenyans languish in custody facing extreme charges such as terrorism, murder, and malicious damage. Activists like Boniface Mwangi were arrested and accused of facilitating terrorism, a clear misuse of the law to intimidate dissent.
These State actions also violated Article 26 of the Kenyan constitution, which guarantees the right to life; Article 28, the right to dignity; Article 29, freedom and security of the person (protection from torture and cruel treatment); and Article 49, which details the rights of arrested persons.
The deployment of heavily armed police units, unmarked Subaru vehicles, roadblocks, and city lockdowns further infringed upon Article 39, the freedom of movement, and Article 32, freedom of conscience and belief, when peaceful protestors were branded as terrorists and anarchists.
President William Ruto’s own statements encouraged the use of lethal force "mtu kama huyo apigwe risasi ya miguu aende hospitslini akienda kortini” effectively endorsing extrajudicial punishment in place of due process.
Interior Cabinet Secretary Kipchumba Murkomen’s direction to shoot protestors approaching police stations was not only unconstitutional but barbaric. These actions triggered condemnation from Amnesty International, the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, and Law Society of Kenya, yet the government remains defiant, refusing to review or reverse these unlawful directives.
Even as bodies piled up in morgues and families struggled to claim the dead, the government’s response was not accountability but tokenism offering KSh 1.3 billion for morgue and post-mortem services. At least two officers were arrested for Kariuki’s killing, and six charged in connection to Ojwang’s death in custody, but such measures lack transparency and systemic change.
Oversight institutions remain largely ineffective and silent.
Meanwhile, youth-led resistance continues, fueled by the government's portrayal of citizens as enemies of the State. The Opposition, while condemning State violence, has started mobilizing boycotts against government-affiliated institutions.
Kenya today stands fractured between a generation demanding dignity and a State clinging to power through fear. What should have been a turning point for reform has instead become a national wound. Kenya’s Constitution is not just ink on paper. It is the social contract between the governed and those in power. Yet, in the aftermath of these protests, it’s clear that many of those in leadership have chosen to rip that contract apart. Is this what Kenyans voted for; a government that crushes its people for demanding their rights?
The Writer is a Fourth Year Student at Chuka University doing a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Journalism