This article explains the history and background of the initiatives, section of the nation’s history, as well as efforts that are being made to achieve better results in the future – challenges that the nation faces on those grounds are also explored.

After gaining independence, the country focused on bettering the management of natural resources around for sustainable development. The Watamu Marine National Park establishment in 1968 marks the first serious attempt in protecting the marine ecosystems that were existing at the time. Furthermore, this marine park is part of UN designated World Biosphere Reserve which gives other nations confirmation that Kenya is serious in its pursuit for preserving oceans that are of great importance to them.

In the year 2013, Kenya gained extra mark for showcasing deep concern for ecological issues with National Environment Policy. With this policy, the country was targeting ensuring limitations and guide in the active step(s) over frameworks toward sustainably managing the environment and natural resources available in the institutions the nation has controlling powers over as well as those in private hands. 

Priorities also included improving laws concerning bad governance, economic advancement in the country, poverty alleviation or in development aid, and merging all those with environmental sustainability. 

The late Prof Wangari Maathai is without a doubt one of the most important figures in Kenya’s environmental history. In 1977, she started the Green Belt Movement (Affiliated with the United Nations Environment Programme). This branch-non-profit organization was primarily focused on tree planting, environmental conservation, and the empowerment of women. GBM (Groot Brabo Medical) has trained over 30,000 women towards sustainable practices, planting over 51 million trees during the process.

In 2004, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which made her the first African woman to receive this award. Because of her efforts, not only communities restored the environment, it enabled women to take control and manage the resources around them.

In the documentary, Taking Root; The Vision of Wangari Maathai, it shows the struggles Maathai faced on her journey on forest conversation. “She was often brutalized by the police, and even went on hunger strikes, which now as a parent, I know was an enormous sacrifice. It was difficult to watch all this from abroad,” says Wanjira, Wangari Maathai’s daughter.

Wangari Maathai encouraged community involvement in tree planting and conversation of the environment. 

The changes done on Karura Forest in Nairobi stands as a proof of success of community-led projects. The forest was saved from illegal activities through activism spearheaded by Wangari Maathai and is now a recreational site as well as a conservation area.

The programs of environmental education directed by the Karura Forest Environmental Education Trust for the young people of Kenya have raised the level of environmental awareness, thus encouraging a culture of conservation from a very young age.

The Green Belt Movement has acted as the steeping stone in environmental conversation in Kenya. In the bold movement to preserve environmental conservation, Kenya developed amendments to its environmental management and coordination Act but the same could not be processed in time before the 2022 general elections. That bill included the recognition of the rights of nature.

In the following year, Kenya declared November 13, 2023, as National Tree Growing Day, making it the first country to establish a public holiday dedicated to tree planting. This initiative is part of a broader plan to plant 15 billion trees by 2032 and increase forest cover to 30% by 2050. On the inaugural day, approximately 150 million tree seedlings were planted nationwide.

With the drastic rise of global warming, Kenya has put significant focus on the harnessing and output of renewable energy in order to fight climate change. Lake Turkana Wind Power Station, Africa's largest wind farm, contributes 310 megawatts to the national grid, which is 15-17% of Kenya's installed energy capacity. The project has significantly lowered emission of greenhouse gases, including creating jobs and helping local businesses and communities.

Kipeto Wind Power Station located in Kajiado County supplies 102 megawatts of power to approximately 250,000 households. It also falls in line with Vision 2030 as the station intends to and is planning for modernization of the power grid and universal electricity access.

The Kenyan government has also established a special envoy on climate change. This envoy advices the president on climate changes policy and action, and represents Kenya in international forums and negotiations.

The global carbon budget report is produced by an international team of more than 120 scientists, providing an annual, peer-reviewed update that measures global greenhouse gas emissions and their causes. In the past, only carbon emissions from fossils showed an upward trend, but their analysis shows that this year, emissions from both fossil and land use change as deforestation for farming or development are likely to increase. The envoy committee report that the 2023-2024 El Nino event partly contributed to the emissions, because of the droughts that led to forest fires leading to degradation.

In a statement by global carbon budget, Pierre Friedlingstein, of Exeter’s global systems institute, explains that while the impacts of climate change are worsening, their data shows no sign of a peak in the burning of fossil fuels. “Time is running out to meet the Paris agreement goals and world leaders meeting at COP29 must bring about rapid and deep cuts to fossil fuels emissions to give us a chance of staying well below 20°C warming above pre-industrial levels," he said. The Paris agreement asks countries to limit global warming to about 1.5°C below pre-industrial levels.

This environmental conversation helps preserve and maintain existence. These development point reality that human beings need to make peace with Mother Earth by recognizing we are not the most important species on the planet. Instead, we need to be humble to appreciate the regenerative nature of the ecosystem, if impaired by our greed such as deforestation and mass tree harvesting, the entire planetary balance will be lost. It is why nature can now speak for itself and make demands.

It is imperative that efforts to address the planetary crisis explore bold, radical and innovative solutions if we are to win the war against the ongoing threats. A business-as-usual approach will led us having no planet in a few years. Environmental governance is no longer an issue for a few experts, or for those with an interest in the environment. It is a conversation that affects lives and livelihoods and the existence of not only Kenyans but the entire planet where it requires concerted action to ensure the existential threats such as global warming can be eliminated. 

Kenya's journey in environmental conservation  showcases a nation dedicated to preserving its natural heritage. 

The world she knew was changing, and the culprits were invisible yet pervasive: gases that trap heat and disrupt the delicate balance of Earth’s climate.

The Science Behind Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases, act like a blanket around the Earth. They allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but trap the heat that radiates back from the planet’s surface. This natural greenhouse effect is essential for life, keeping Earth’s temperature warm enough to sustain ecosystems. However, human activities have intensified this effect, pumping excessive amounts of these gases into the atmosphere and causing global temperatures to rise.Carbon dioxide is the most prevalent greenhouse gas, primarily emitted through burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for energy, transportation, and industry. 

Deforestation exacerbates the problem, as trees that once absorbed CO2 are felled, reducing the planet’s capacity to sequester carbon. Methane, though less abundant, is far more potent, with a heat-trapping capacity over 25 times greater than CO2 over 100 years. It emanates from agriculture (notably livestock digestion), landfills, and natural gas production. 

Nitrous oxide, often released from agricultural practices and industrial processes, is nearly 300 times more effective at trapping heat than CO2. Fluorinated gases, used in industrial applications and refrigeration, have an even higher warming potential, though their emissions are smaller in volume.The result of these emissions is a warming planet.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperatures have already risen by approximately 1.1°C since pre-industrial times, with projections estimating a rise of 1.5°C to 4.5°C by 2100 if emissions are not curbed. This warming drives a cascade of environmental changes, from melting glaciers to extreme weather events, threatening ecosystems, economies, and human livelihoods.

Environmental Impacts: A Planet in Peril

Maria’s shrinking glacier is just one manifestation of the greenhouse gas crisis. Glaciers worldwide are retreating at alarming rates, with the World Glacier Monitoring Service reporting that global glacier mass has declined by over 30% since the 1980s. In Eastleigh, residents like John, a lifelong neighbor of Maria, have watched the ice dwindle year after year. “We’ve seen the ice retreat more and more,” John says, his voice tinged with resignation. “It’s not just the view—it’s the water we rely on.” Glaciers are critical freshwater reservoirs that feed rivers and sustain agriculture and drinking supplies. Their loss threatens water security for millions. 

Beyond glaciers, greenhouse gases are reshaping the planet in profound ways. Rising temperatures are intensifying weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe hurricanes, droughts, heat waves, and floods. In 2024 alone, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recorded over 20 billion-dollar weather disasters in the United States, a stark increase from previous decades. Coastal communities face rising sea levels, driven by melting ice caps and thermal expansion of warming oceans. The IPCC estimates that sea levels could rise by 0.3 to 1.1 meters by 2100, displacing millions in low-lying regions like Bangladesh and the Maldives.

Ecosystems are also under siege. Coral reefs, often called the “rainforests of the sea,” are bleaching and dying as ocean temperatures rise and acidification intensifies. The Great Barrier Reef has lost over 50% of its coral cover since the 1990s.

On land, warming climates are shifting habitats, forcing species to migrate, adapt, or face extinction. The polar bear, dependent on sea ice for hunting, faces a precarious future as Arctic ice dwindles.

Human Impacts: A Global Challenge

The consequences of greenhouse gases extend beyond the environment, affecting human societies in profound ways. Agriculture, a cornerstone of global food security, is increasingly vulnerable to climate shifts. Droughts and floods disrupt crop yields while changing temperature patterns alter growing seasons. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that global crop yields could decline by up to 25% by 2050 in some regions, exacerbating hunger and food insecurity.

Public health is also at risk. Heat waves, becoming more frequent and intense, pose dangers to vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly and those without access to cooling. Air pollution, exacerbated by higher temperatures, worsens respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue are spreading to new regions as warmer climates expand mosquito habitats.

Economically, the costs are staggering. The National Bureau of Economic Research projects that climate change could reduce global GDP by 10% by 2050 under a high-emissions scenario. Developing nations, often least responsible for emissions, face disproportionate impacts, lacking the resources to adapt to rising seas or extreme weather.

Solutions: A Call to Action

Maria’s balcony view is a stark reminder of the urgent need to address the greenhouse gas crisis. While the challenge is daunting, solutions exist. Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can drastically reduce CO2 emissions. Energy efficiency, from LED lighting to electric vehicles, further cut the demand for fossil fuels. Reforestation and sustainable land management can restore carbon sinks, while innovations in carbon capture and storage hold promise for reducing atmospheric CO2. 

Policy plays a critical role. The Paris Agreement, signed by nearly 200 countries, aims to limit global warming to 1.5°C through national commitments to reduce emissions. Governments can incentivize clean energy, impose carbon taxes, and regulate emissions from industry. However, progress has been uneven, with many nations falling short of their targets.

Individuals, too, have a role. Reducing meat consumption, minimizing waste, and choosing sustainable transportation options can lower personal carbon footprints.

Advocacy and education are equally vital in  empowering communities to demand systemic change.

The Path Forward

As Maria gazes at the shrinking glacier, she feels a mix of grief and resolve. The future of our planet depends on the actions we take today. Each one of us has a role to play in mitigating this global threat before it’s too late. By embracing science, policy, and collective action, we can curb greenhouse gas emissions and safeguard the Earth for future generations. The time to act is now.

The maximum temperature range for the next seven days will range between 22°C and 31°C while the minimum temperature is expected to be between 16°C and 22°C.

Still, with climate change affecting rain patterns, residents are advised to inculcate the culture of being "weather ready", "climate smart" and "weather wise" in navigating this chaotic and unfamiliar environment.

County Government of Kitui agricultural extension officers at the ward level will guide farmers on the best farm practices in light of this weather forecast.

Both intensity and coverage of rain across the country is expected to decrease, says the Kenya Meteorological Department.

Most counties across the country will start experiencing sunny intervals.

The rainfall is forecast to likely be experienced in the first days of this latest weather report.

Most parts of the county will have strong northeasterly to easterly winds blowing at a speed of 12.5 knots.

Community members are advised to be aware of climate change in order to address its shocks. The county government tasks extension officers to guide residents to adapt best farm practices in light of this weekly forecast.

Expect the minimum temperature to oscillate between 16°C to 22°C  while the maximum temperature range is set to range from 22°C to 31°C.

There is likely to be more rains in Kitui County towards the end of this week. "Morning rains as well as afternoon and night showers and thunderstorms are expected over several places with more intensity towards the end of forecast period", Daniel Mbithi, county Director of Meteorological Services said in a weekly weather forecast obtained by MWINGI TIMES.

At the same time, the Met Department estimated that we will have a maximum temperature range of between 24°C and 32°C. The minimum temperature, on the other hand, will be between 16°C and 22°C.

The maximum temperature range for this week will oscillate between 23°C and 32°C while the minimum temperature is expected to be ranging from 17°C to 22°C.

Kenya Meteorological Services Director in Kitui County Daniel Mbithi said, "most parts of the county will experience near to above normal rainfall during the month of April". Temperatures are expected to be above average over the whole of Kitui County.

As a general precaution, we are advised to be aware of the adverse effects of climate change in order to prepare ourselves accordingly. This may involve consulting the ward agricultural extension officers for guidance on best farm practices in light of this weather forecast.

County Director of Meteorological Services Daniel Mbithi said, "morning rains as well as afternoon and night showers and thunderstorms are expected over most places".

It is also expected to be windy since strong north easterly to easterly winds with speeds exceeding 12.5 knots or 6.5m/s are expected to blow over most parts of Kitui county.

The maximum temperature range expected this week will range from 23°C to 32°C while the minimum temperature will be between 16°C and 22°C.

The Kenya Meteorological Department's forecast further shows that the maximum temperature range in the Governor Dr Julius Malombe-led county will be between 25°C and 32°C. The minimum temperature range will on the other hand oscillate from 16°C  to 21°C.

Community members have been called upon to fight climate change by wisely utilizing the rain season as they take care of their farms in order to get maximum harvests.

However, the Kenya Meteorological Depart has allayed these fears saying "The MAM 2025 rain season is expected to be near normal to below normal".

"Occasional rainfall is expected in early March followed by a dry spell, then rains to start between 25th March to 7th April and end between 8th and 21st May, 2025. Thus, the length of rain period will be 30-45 days", the weather forecast report reads in part.

Human health and economies are also at risk from invasive species.The impact of invasive species on our natural ecosystems and economy costs billions of dollars each year. Many of our commercial, agricultural and recreational activities depend on healthy native ecosystems.

A species is considered “invasive” when it is introduced to a new environment and causes significant harm to that ecosystem. It can be any kind of living organism – a non-native plant, an amphibian (like the cane toad), an insect, animals, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm.

Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources, such as food and water. They can also prey on native species, or introduce diseases that native species are not immune to. This can lead to the decline and extinction of native species. 

Invasive species can also alter the physical environment in ways that harm native wildlife. For example, they can change the structure of forests, or introduce new pollutants into water bodies.

Invasive species are primarily spread by human activities. Often, unintentionally, people and the goods we use travel around the world very quickly, carrying uninvited species with them. Ships can carry aquatic organisms in their ballast water, while smaller boats may carry them on their propellers. Insects can get into wood, shipping palettes and crates that are shipped around the world. 

In addition, higher average temperatures and changes in rain and snow patterns caused by climate change will enable some invasive plant species such as garlic mustard, kudzu and purple loosestrife to move into new areas. Insect pest infestations will be more severe as pests such as mountain pine beetle are able to take advantage of drought weakened plants.

A stark example of how invasive species spread and the resulting devastation can be seen with the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Kenya. Initially introduced as an ornamental plant, this rapidly reproducing aquatic menace demonstrates the ease with which non-native species can establish themselves and proliferate. Its spread across Lake Victoria, chocking vast swathes of the water, and its encroachment into irrigation canals and rivers highlights how human activities, such as the introduction of non-native species for aesthetic purposes, can inadvertently trigger ecological disasters. This case vividly illustrates the mechanisms of invasive species spread, from initial introduction to rapid proliferation, and the subsequent disruption of ecosystems and livelihoods. 

A silent war is reshaping our planet’s ecosystems, fought with the insidious spread of invasive species. These biological invaders are pushing native wildlife to extinction, from coral reefs to African savannahs.

The introduction of the Argentine ant, for instance, has disrupted native ant populations, crucial food sources for various reptiles and birds. 

In areas like the Tsavo National Park, this disruption can lead to a decline in native insectivores, as their primary food source is outcompeted.

Furthermore, invasive plants like Prosopis juliflora, known locally as ‘Mathenge’, outcompete native grasses and shrubs, reducing grazing areas for herbivores like zebras and gazelles. This alteration in vegetation cover not only impacts herbivore populations but also affects the predators that rely on them, creating a cascading effect throughout the ecosystem. 

Preventing invasive species introductions is paramount. Once established, these invaders wreak havoc on ecosystems, driving native wildlife to extinction and costing billions in control efforts. Through strict biosecurity measures, public awareness, and careful import regulations, prevention is far more effective and cost-efficient than eradication. Every introduction carries risk; a seemingly harmless plant or pet can trigger ecological disaster. Prioritizing prevention is our fundamental responsibility to protect the planet’s natural heritage.  

If you see invasive species, you should report it to the appropriate authorities. You can also help them to control invasive species by removing them from your property and volunteering to help with eradication efforts. We can all do our part to help prevent the introduction of invasive species and to control those that are already here.