This article explains the history and background of the initiatives, section of the nation’s history, as well as efforts that are being made to achieve better results in the future – challenges that the nation faces on those grounds are also explored.

After gaining independence, the country focused on bettering the management of natural resources around for sustainable development. The Watamu Marine National Park establishment in 1968 marks the first serious attempt in protecting the marine ecosystems that were existing at the time. Furthermore, this marine park is part of UN designated World Biosphere Reserve which gives other nations confirmation that Kenya is serious in its pursuit for preserving oceans that are of great importance to them.

In the year 2013, Kenya gained extra mark for showcasing deep concern for ecological issues with National Environment Policy. With this policy, the country was targeting ensuring limitations and guide in the active step(s) over frameworks toward sustainably managing the environment and natural resources available in the institutions the nation has controlling powers over as well as those in private hands. 

Priorities also included improving laws concerning bad governance, economic advancement in the country, poverty alleviation or in development aid, and merging all those with environmental sustainability. 

The late Prof Wangari Maathai is without a doubt one of the most important figures in Kenya’s environmental history. In 1977, she started the Green Belt Movement (Affiliated with the United Nations Environment Programme). This branch-non-profit organization was primarily focused on tree planting, environmental conservation, and the empowerment of women. GBM (Groot Brabo Medical) has trained over 30,000 women towards sustainable practices, planting over 51 million trees during the process.

In 2004, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which made her the first African woman to receive this award. Because of her efforts, not only communities restored the environment, it enabled women to take control and manage the resources around them.

In the documentary, Taking Root; The Vision of Wangari Maathai, it shows the struggles Maathai faced on her journey on forest conversation. “She was often brutalized by the police, and even went on hunger strikes, which now as a parent, I know was an enormous sacrifice. It was difficult to watch all this from abroad,” says Wanjira, Wangari Maathai’s daughter.

Wangari Maathai encouraged community involvement in tree planting and conversation of the environment. 

The changes done on Karura Forest in Nairobi stands as a proof of success of community-led projects. The forest was saved from illegal activities through activism spearheaded by Wangari Maathai and is now a recreational site as well as a conservation area.

The programs of environmental education directed by the Karura Forest Environmental Education Trust for the young people of Kenya have raised the level of environmental awareness, thus encouraging a culture of conservation from a very young age.

The Green Belt Movement has acted as the steeping stone in environmental conversation in Kenya. In the bold movement to preserve environmental conservation, Kenya developed amendments to its environmental management and coordination Act but the same could not be processed in time before the 2022 general elections. That bill included the recognition of the rights of nature.

In the following year, Kenya declared November 13, 2023, as National Tree Growing Day, making it the first country to establish a public holiday dedicated to tree planting. This initiative is part of a broader plan to plant 15 billion trees by 2032 and increase forest cover to 30% by 2050. On the inaugural day, approximately 150 million tree seedlings were planted nationwide.

With the drastic rise of global warming, Kenya has put significant focus on the harnessing and output of renewable energy in order to fight climate change. Lake Turkana Wind Power Station, Africa's largest wind farm, contributes 310 megawatts to the national grid, which is 15-17% of Kenya's installed energy capacity. The project has significantly lowered emission of greenhouse gases, including creating jobs and helping local businesses and communities.

Kipeto Wind Power Station located in Kajiado County supplies 102 megawatts of power to approximately 250,000 households. It also falls in line with Vision 2030 as the station intends to and is planning for modernization of the power grid and universal electricity access.

The Kenyan government has also established a special envoy on climate change. This envoy advices the president on climate changes policy and action, and represents Kenya in international forums and negotiations.

The global carbon budget report is produced by an international team of more than 120 scientists, providing an annual, peer-reviewed update that measures global greenhouse gas emissions and their causes. In the past, only carbon emissions from fossils showed an upward trend, but their analysis shows that this year, emissions from both fossil and land use change as deforestation for farming or development are likely to increase. The envoy committee report that the 2023-2024 El Nino event partly contributed to the emissions, because of the droughts that led to forest fires leading to degradation.

In a statement by global carbon budget, Pierre Friedlingstein, of Exeter’s global systems institute, explains that while the impacts of climate change are worsening, their data shows no sign of a peak in the burning of fossil fuels. “Time is running out to meet the Paris agreement goals and world leaders meeting at COP29 must bring about rapid and deep cuts to fossil fuels emissions to give us a chance of staying well below 20°C warming above pre-industrial levels," he said. The Paris agreement asks countries to limit global warming to about 1.5°C below pre-industrial levels.

This environmental conversation helps preserve and maintain existence. These development point reality that human beings need to make peace with Mother Earth by recognizing we are not the most important species on the planet. Instead, we need to be humble to appreciate the regenerative nature of the ecosystem, if impaired by our greed such as deforestation and mass tree harvesting, the entire planetary balance will be lost. It is why nature can now speak for itself and make demands.

It is imperative that efforts to address the planetary crisis explore bold, radical and innovative solutions if we are to win the war against the ongoing threats. A business-as-usual approach will led us having no planet in a few years. Environmental governance is no longer an issue for a few experts, or for those with an interest in the environment. It is a conversation that affects lives and livelihoods and the existence of not only Kenyans but the entire planet where it requires concerted action to ensure the existential threats such as global warming can be eliminated. 

Kenya's journey in environmental conservation  showcases a nation dedicated to preserving its natural heritage. 

The world she knew was changing, and the culprits were invisible yet pervasive: gases that trap heat and disrupt the delicate balance of Earth’s climate.

The Science Behind Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases, act like a blanket around the Earth. They allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but trap the heat that radiates back from the planet’s surface. This natural greenhouse effect is essential for life, keeping Earth’s temperature warm enough to sustain ecosystems. However, human activities have intensified this effect, pumping excessive amounts of these gases into the atmosphere and causing global temperatures to rise.Carbon dioxide is the most prevalent greenhouse gas, primarily emitted through burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for energy, transportation, and industry. 

Deforestation exacerbates the problem, as trees that once absorbed CO2 are felled, reducing the planet’s capacity to sequester carbon. Methane, though less abundant, is far more potent, with a heat-trapping capacity over 25 times greater than CO2 over 100 years. It emanates from agriculture (notably livestock digestion), landfills, and natural gas production. 

Nitrous oxide, often released from agricultural practices and industrial processes, is nearly 300 times more effective at trapping heat than CO2. Fluorinated gases, used in industrial applications and refrigeration, have an even higher warming potential, though their emissions are smaller in volume.The result of these emissions is a warming planet.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperatures have already risen by approximately 1.1°C since pre-industrial times, with projections estimating a rise of 1.5°C to 4.5°C by 2100 if emissions are not curbed. This warming drives a cascade of environmental changes, from melting glaciers to extreme weather events, threatening ecosystems, economies, and human livelihoods.

Environmental Impacts: A Planet in Peril

Maria’s shrinking glacier is just one manifestation of the greenhouse gas crisis. Glaciers worldwide are retreating at alarming rates, with the World Glacier Monitoring Service reporting that global glacier mass has declined by over 30% since the 1980s. In Eastleigh, residents like John, a lifelong neighbor of Maria, have watched the ice dwindle year after year. “We’ve seen the ice retreat more and more,” John says, his voice tinged with resignation. “It’s not just the view—it’s the water we rely on.” Glaciers are critical freshwater reservoirs that feed rivers and sustain agriculture and drinking supplies. Their loss threatens water security for millions. 

Beyond glaciers, greenhouse gases are reshaping the planet in profound ways. Rising temperatures are intensifying weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe hurricanes, droughts, heat waves, and floods. In 2024 alone, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recorded over 20 billion-dollar weather disasters in the United States, a stark increase from previous decades. Coastal communities face rising sea levels, driven by melting ice caps and thermal expansion of warming oceans. The IPCC estimates that sea levels could rise by 0.3 to 1.1 meters by 2100, displacing millions in low-lying regions like Bangladesh and the Maldives.

Ecosystems are also under siege. Coral reefs, often called the “rainforests of the sea,” are bleaching and dying as ocean temperatures rise and acidification intensifies. The Great Barrier Reef has lost over 50% of its coral cover since the 1990s.

On land, warming climates are shifting habitats, forcing species to migrate, adapt, or face extinction. The polar bear, dependent on sea ice for hunting, faces a precarious future as Arctic ice dwindles.

Human Impacts: A Global Challenge

The consequences of greenhouse gases extend beyond the environment, affecting human societies in profound ways. Agriculture, a cornerstone of global food security, is increasingly vulnerable to climate shifts. Droughts and floods disrupt crop yields while changing temperature patterns alter growing seasons. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that global crop yields could decline by up to 25% by 2050 in some regions, exacerbating hunger and food insecurity.

Public health is also at risk. Heat waves, becoming more frequent and intense, pose dangers to vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly and those without access to cooling. Air pollution, exacerbated by higher temperatures, worsens respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue are spreading to new regions as warmer climates expand mosquito habitats.

Economically, the costs are staggering. The National Bureau of Economic Research projects that climate change could reduce global GDP by 10% by 2050 under a high-emissions scenario. Developing nations, often least responsible for emissions, face disproportionate impacts, lacking the resources to adapt to rising seas or extreme weather.

Solutions: A Call to Action

Maria’s balcony view is a stark reminder of the urgent need to address the greenhouse gas crisis. While the challenge is daunting, solutions exist. Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can drastically reduce CO2 emissions. Energy efficiency, from LED lighting to electric vehicles, further cut the demand for fossil fuels. Reforestation and sustainable land management can restore carbon sinks, while innovations in carbon capture and storage hold promise for reducing atmospheric CO2. 

Policy plays a critical role. The Paris Agreement, signed by nearly 200 countries, aims to limit global warming to 1.5°C through national commitments to reduce emissions. Governments can incentivize clean energy, impose carbon taxes, and regulate emissions from industry. However, progress has been uneven, with many nations falling short of their targets.

Individuals, too, have a role. Reducing meat consumption, minimizing waste, and choosing sustainable transportation options can lower personal carbon footprints.

Advocacy and education are equally vital in  empowering communities to demand systemic change.

The Path Forward

As Maria gazes at the shrinking glacier, she feels a mix of grief and resolve. The future of our planet depends on the actions we take today. Each one of us has a role to play in mitigating this global threat before it’s too late. By embracing science, policy, and collective action, we can curb greenhouse gas emissions and safeguard the Earth for future generations. The time to act is now.

Addressing the media with rare unity and purpose, the MCAs said the time had come for Mbeere South "to reclaim its dignity, development, and direction". The call was loud, clear, and emotional: the people are tired, and change must come from within.

“We are united for a cause. We are not just politicians anymore we are the voice of a wounded people,” declared Ngari Mbaka, the MCA for Mavuria and chair of the Mbeere South MCAs caucus. “For far too long, this constituency has been mismanaged, and our people have suffered in silence. But now, the silence is over.”

Mbaka said that through their unity, the MCAs have already delivered results. He cited successful lobbying for critical projects such as the Embu County archives, the KenGen water pipeline, and other initiatives that have begun transforming lives.

“These milestones were not achieved through division. They were fruits of unity. And if we’ve done this as MCAs, imagine what we can do with one of us in Parliament,” he said, drawing applause from those present.

Kiambere Ward MCA Lenny Masters, known for his fiery speeches, took it a notch higher, describing the County Assembly as the incubation chamber of future national leaders.

“The Assembly has made us. We’ve grown here, we’ve learned here. It’s now time to graduate and take charge of our people’s destiny. We will not allow Mbeere South to be pushed to the periphery anymore,” Masters thundered.

Masters dismissed efforts to sow ethnic division in the area, warning those behind such schemes that their time was up.

“There are no Mbeere people and Mwea people. We are one. We refuse to be separated by rivers, names or lies. Our unity is our weapon, and with it, we will break every chain of backward leadership,” he declared.

Makima Ward MCA Philip Nzangi described Mbeere South as a land of forgotten treasure, a constituency that carries the county's natural wealth but receives little in return.

“From water to land to energy, everything that fuels Embu County begins in Mbeere South. Yet, we are treated as an afterthought. It’s not just unfair. It is shameful. The time to rule people with empty promises is gone. It is time to lead with vision and purpose,” Nzangi said.

His words resonated with Mbeti South MCA Muriithi Kiura, who accused political players of using land issues to divide and manipulate the people for decades.

“We have been used as pawns in political games. Leaders have used our pain to rise, then forgotten us. That era ends now. We are not fighting anyone but we are fighting for something: justice, development, and leadership that listens,” Kiura stated.

Mwea Ward MCA Job Itumo wrapped up the press conference with a rallying call for all residents to unite as one people.

“We are going to every corner of this constituency. We will knock on every door, speak to every elder and youth, and bring our people together. The time for division is over. The MP seat doesn’t belong to anyone. It belongs to the people, and the people will choose one of their own,” he said, in a thinly veiled message to incumbent MP Nebert Muriuki.

Itumo challenged the current MP to serve all residents fairly and desist from what he termed as selective development.

The united MCAs now stand as a political force to watch; bold, fearless, and determined. As the 2027 election looms on the horizon, the winds of political change are stirring across Mbeere South. And if their current momentum holds, the unity of these MCAs might just rewrite the story of an entire constituency.

"No one wakes up and chooses to be homeless," says James, a 42-year-old man who has lived on the streets for over a decade. "It's a journey that starts with one bad break... then another. Before you know it, the streets are all you have", adds James.

Every sunrise marks the beginning of another battle for the basics— food, warmth, and safety. Those living without shelter rely on the unpredictable kindness of strangers, the limited aid from soup kitchens, or overstretched local charities. But hope is a fragile currency. Resources run thin, and the uncertainty of survival looms large.

The environment itself becomes an adversary. Whether battered by winter’s chill or scorched by summer’s relentless heat, the elements show no mercy. Illness, injury, theft; dangers stalk every corner. 

Personal belongings, often a lifeline to dignity, are stolen in the blink of an eye. In this world, even the smallest comforts — a blanket, a clean shirt, a hot meal — transform into rare luxuries.

Yet perhaps the deepest wounds are invisible.

Isolation, abandonment, and stigma hang heavy over those who call the streets home. Society is quick to judge, labelling the homeless as addicts or idlers, rarely pausing to understand the tangled web of circumstances that led them there.

"People look at me like I'm dangerous or dirty," shares Mary, a young woman who found herself on the streets after fleeing an abusive home. "But I'm just someone who had nowhere else to go."

Street children, among the most vulnerable, bear an even heavier burden. Physical violence is a daily threat  not only from police and other authority figures but also from older children who have learned to survive through aggression.

"The older boys beat us up if we don't give them our food," recounts Peter, a 12-year-old who has lived on the streets since losing his parents. "Sometimes they even take our clothes."

Many children carry knives for protection, and violence sometimes turns fatal. The emotional toll is just as grave: loneliness, depression, and self-loathing carve deep scars into the hearts of the young.

A 2011 UN Human Rights report redefined street children as "street-connected children for whom the street is not just a temporary refuge but a defining part of their identity". Some live permanently on the streets; others work there or move between a fragile "homes" and the streets. 

Organizations like Laughter Africa focus on those living permanently on the streets, offering not just shelter but a chance to rebuild broken lives.

Despite the grim reality, stories of resilience and hope emerge. Many individuals, with the right support shelters, rehabilitation programs, and community care — find their way back to stable lives.

"I never thought I'd get out," says Paul, who spent six years homeless before securing permanent housing through a local initiative. "But someone believed in me  and that made all the difference."

Initiatives like "Housing First" programs, which prioritize providing stable accommodation before addressing other issues have shown promising results. But solutions must dig deeper than surface-level charity. Ending homelessness demands a shift in societal mindset: replacing judgment with compassion and charity with systemic change. It requires governments and communities to invest in affordable housing, accessible healthcare, mental health services, and robust social safety nets.

Most importantly, it calls on us to restore dignity and humanity to those who have been rendered invisible.

"We are not statistics," Mary insists. "We are human beings  with dreams, hopes, and stories."

The streets will continue to bear witness to countless silent battles unless, as a society, we choose to listen, to understand, and to act. A future without homelessness is possible. But only if we dare to believe that no one belongs on the streets not today, not ever.

The maximum temperature range for the next seven days will range between 22°C and 31°C while the minimum temperature is expected to be between 16°C and 22°C.

Still, with climate change affecting rain patterns, residents are advised to inculcate the culture of being "weather ready", "climate smart" and "weather wise" in navigating this chaotic and unfamiliar environment.

County Government of Kitui agricultural extension officers at the ward level will guide farmers on the best farm practices in light of this weather forecast.