Challenges Facing CBE Implementation

However, its implementation has sparked debate among educators, parents, and policymakers. The CBC framework follows a 2-6-3-3-3 model, which emphasizes skill development over rote memorization. According to the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD), the curriculum aims to foster critical thinking, problem-solving, and innovation. The Ministry of Education has argued that CBC aligns with global education trends, preparing students for a competitive job market.  

Despite its ambitious goals, CBC has faced numerous hurdles. One of the biggest concerns is the cost of learning materials, including specialized textbooks and tools, which have placed financial strain on low-income families. Additionally, teacher retraining has been a slow process, with many educators struggling to adapt to the new teaching methods.  

Another major issue has been policy inconsistencies. The government recently announced a shift from CBC to Competency-Based Education (CBE), arguing that the new approach would simplify learning pathways and make education more accessible. (MyGov Kenya, March 29, 2025). This sudden change has raised concerns about the lack of a clear implementation strategy, with critics accusing the Ministry of Education of flip-flopping on key decisions (Nation.Africa, April 2, 2025).  

One of the most debated aspects of CBC has been the status of mathematics in senior school. Initially, the Ministry proposed making mathematics optional for students not pursuing STEM subjects. However, after public outcry from teachers’ unions and education experts, the government reversed its decision, making mathematics compulsory across all pathways.  

Moses Nthurima, acting Secretary General of the Kenya Union of Post-Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET), criticized the initial proposal, arguing that mathematics is essential for logical reasoning and problem-solving across disciplines. Parents have also voiced concerns about whether schools have the necessary resources to support differentiated mathematics instruction.  

 

As Kenya navigates the complexities of education reform, stakeholders continue to push for greater clarity and consistency in policy decisions. The Ministry of Education has promised further consultations to fine tune the system and address concerns raised by educators and parents.  

While CBC represents a bold step towards modernizing education, its success will depend on effective implementation, adequate funding, and stakeholder engagement. As the debate continues, one thing is clear—Kenya’s education system is at a crossroads, and the decisions made today will shape the future of millions of learners in years to come.